Abstract Purpose: To evaluate renal repair in rats who had renal infarction induced by the obstruction of blood flow in the renal artery and were treated with transplantation of adipose tissue derived mesenchymal stem cell Methods: 16-week-old Wistar rats (n=72) were used, submitted to celiotomy and had of the renal artery and vein clipped for 24 hours. The animals were randomly assigned to 10 experimental homogeneous groups, corresponding to the treatments with phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) or adipose tissue derived mesenchymal stem cell (ADSC), duration of application (24 or 48 hours), and site of transplantation (lateral vein of the tail or intrarenal). After the treatments were performed, at 8 and 31 days, four animals in each group were subjected to left nephrectomy for histological studies. Results: Histologically, a higher amount of cell debris and tubules devoid of the epithelium and a higher degree of necrosis were observed in the groups treated with PBS, as opposed to a low degree of necrosis and higher tubular vascularization in the groups treated with ADSC, particularly in the group treated with intrarenal ADSC 48 hours after injury. Conclusion: The transplantation of ADSC positively contributed to the replacement of necrotic tissue by renal tubular cells, vascularization of the renal parenchyma, and restoration of the organ function.

Abstract Purpose: To evaluate whether their combination was more effective than either alone in decreasing renal damage due to ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury in rats. Methods: Thirty-two Wistar rats were assigned to four groups. Following right nephrectomy, their left kidneys were subjected to warm ischemia (IR), cold ischemia (TH+IR), intraperitoneal injection of 10 mg/kg melatonin (MEL+IR), or injection of 10 mg/kg melatonin followed by cold ischemia (MEL+TH+IR). Eight randomly assigned right kidneys constituted the control group. After 240 min of reperfusion, left nephrectomy was performed for histopathological evaluation, lipid peroxidation, and measurement of antioxidant enzyme activity. Serum was collected to measure urea and creatinine concentrations. Results: Histopathological damage induced by ischemia and reperfusion was more attenuated in the MEL+TH+IR group than in the MEL+IR and TH+IR groups (p<0.037). Superoxide dismutase activity was significantly higher (p<0.029) and creatinine (p<0.001) and urea (p<0.001) concentrations were significantly lower in the MEL+TH+IR group than in the MEL+IR and TH+IR groups. Conclusion: The combination of melatonin (MEL) and topical hypothermia (TH) better protects against renal I/R injury than does MEL or TH alone.

RESUMO: O presente estudo objetivou avaliar os efeitos da administração intramuscular de 0,5mg kg-1 (MOR0,5) ou 1,0mg kg-1 (MOR1,0) de morfina sobre a concentração alveolar mínima do isoflurano (CAMISO) em cães. Dezoito cadelas de proprietários foram agendadas para ovário-histerectomia eletiva. As cadelas receberam MOR0,5 ou MOR1,0, como medicação pré-anestésica, e propofol IV para indução da anestesia. A manutenção da anestesia foi realizada com isoflurano em condições de normocapnia a normotermia. A determinação da CAMISO foi conduzida de acordo com o método “up-and-down”. O estímulo nociceptivo (colocação de pinças Backhaus, incisão da pele na linha média e dissecção de tecido subcutâneo) foi realizado aproximadamente 50 minutos após a administração de MOR0,5 ou MOR1,0. A CAMISO calculada foi 0,98±0,15% em MOR0,5 e 0,80±0,08% em MOR1,0. A CAMISO foi significativamente menor em MOR1,0 do que em MOR0,5 (P=0,010). Os resultados do estudo sugerem que a medicação pré-anestésica com morfina nas doses de 0,5 e 1,0mg kg-1, pela via intramuscular, resulta em redução dose-dependente na CAMISO em cães.

ABSTRACT: This study aimed to evaluate the effects of intramuscular 0.5mg kg-1 (MOR0.5) and 1.0mg kg-1 (MOR1.0) morphine premedication on the minimum alveolar concentration of isoflurane (ISOMAC) in dogs. Eighteen client-owned female dogs were scheduled for elective ovariohysterectomy. Dogs received intramuscular MOR0.5 or MOR1.0 as premedication and propofol IV for induction of anesthesia. Isoflurane was delivered for maintenance of anesthesia and dogs were maintained under normocapnia and normothermia. Determinations of the ISOMAC were conducted by use of the “up-and-down” method. Noxious stimulus (placement of Backhaus towel clamps, a midline skin incision and subcutaneous tissue dissection) was delivered approximately 50 minutes after premedication with MOR0.5 or MOR1.0. The calculated ISOMAC was 0.98±0.15% in MOR0.5 and 0.80±0.08% in MOR1.0. The ISOMAC was significantly lower in MOR1.0 compared with MOR0.5 (P=0.010). Results of this study suggested that intramuscular premedication with morphine 0.5 and 1.0mg kg-1 decreases the ISOMAC in a dose-related manner in dogs.

RESUMO: No presente estudo, foi avaliada a concentração alveolar mínima do isoflurano (CAMISO) em vinte e três cães premedicados com acepromazina (0,02mgkg-1) e morfina (0,5mgkg-1) e tratados com cetamina racêmica (CR) ou S(+) (CS). Os cães receberam aleatoriamente dose única (3mgkg-1, IM) de CR ou CS, decorridos 15 minutos da indução anestésica com propofol. A CAMISO foi determinada pelo método up-and-down. Aproximadamente 20 minutos após a administração da CR ou CS, um estímulo nociceptivo (cirúrgico) foi aplicado e a resposta avaliada. A CAMISO foi 0,50±0,01% no CR (n=10) e 0,31±0,04% no CS (n=13). A CAMISO foi 38% menor no CS comparado ao CR. Os resultados deste estudo revelaram que, em cães premedicados com acepromazina e morfina, a administração IM de 3mgkg-1 de cetamina, aproximadamente 20 minutos antes do estímulo nociceptivo, causou redução clinicamente importante na CAMISO e o efeito redutor na CAMISO é significativamente maior com CS do que com CR.

ABSTRACT: The present study evaluated the minimum alveolar concentration of isoflurane (ISOMAC) in twenty three dogs premedicated with acepromazine (0.02mgkg-1) and morphine (0.5mgkg-1) and administered racemic (RK) or S(+)-ketamine (SK). Dogs randomly received a single dose (3mgkg-1, IM) of either RK or SK 15minutes after anesthetic induction with propofol. The ISOMAC was determined by the up-and-down method. Approximately 20 minutes after administration of RK or SK, a surgical noxious stimulus was applied and the response evaluated. The ISOMAC was 0.50±0.01% in the RK group (n=10) and 0.31±0.04% in the SK group (n=13). The ISOMAC was 38% lower in the SK group compared to the RK group. Results of the present study revealed that in dogs premedicated with acepromazine and morphine, IM administration of 3mgkg-1 ketamine approximately 20 minutes before the noxious stimulus produced clinically important reduction in the ISOMAC and the MAC-sparing effect was significantly greater with SK compared to RK.

Os répteis possuem um sistema porta-renal, o qual pode desviar parte do sangue proveniente das porções caudais do corpo aos rins antes que a mesma atinja a circulação sistêmica. Em vista disto, vem sendo aconselhada a administração de medicamentos injetáveis nos membros torácicos, para que se evite a filtração imediata pelo parênquima renal, causando redução do efeito esperado. O objetivo do presente estudo foi comparar aspectos qualitativos e quantitativos da associação de cetamina (30 mg/kg) e xilazina (1 mg/kg), injetada no membro torácico ou pélvico, em jacarés-do-papo-amarelo (Caiman latirostris) juvenis. Oito animais machos com peso médio (±DP) de 1,3 (±0,3) kg e, aproximadamente, dois anos de idade foram anestesiados em duas ocasiões distintas com intervalo de sete dias. Em cada ocasião, os animais receberam, de forma aleatória, a associação anestésica por via intramuscular em membro torácico (tratamento MT) ou pélvico (tratamento MP). Foram avaliados os intervalos de tempo entre a administração do tratamento e a perda do reflexo de endireitamento (período de indução), entre a perda e o retorno desse reflexo (duração do efeito clínico importante) e entre o retorno do reflexo de endireitamento e os primeiros movimentos de deambulação (duração do efeito residual), as frequências cardíaca e respiratória e as temperaturas ambiental e cloacal. Os escores de sedação/anestesia foram avaliados através de uma escala com variação de 0 (alerta/consciente) a 10 (anestesia profunda/sobredosagem). No tratamento MP, dois animais não apresentaram perda de reflexo de endireitamento. Considerando somente aqueles que apresentaram a perda desse reflexo, o tempo de indução (21±9 e 17±5 minutos) e a duração do efeito clínico importante (35±19 e 43±21 minutos) e residual (28±31 e 12±11 minutos) foram similares entre os tratamentos MT e MP (média±desvio padrão). O escore de sedação foi significativamente maior que o basal de 20 a 50 minutos nos dois tratamentos e, aos 30 minutos (pico de efeito), o escore mediano (interquartil) foi 3,5(2,3-4,0) no tratamento MT e 3,0(2,0-4,0) no tratamento MP. Assim como nos escores de sedação, diferenças entre tratamentos nas variáveis fisiológicas não foram observadas. Em ambos os tratamentos, o reflexo de retirada de membro ao pinçamento digital não foi abolido. A administração da associação de xilazina e cetamina em membro pélvico ou torácico de jacarés-do-papo-amarelo juvenis promove efeitos similares, sugerindo que a influência do sistema porta-renal não é clinicamente relevante. Nas doses empregadas, tal protocolo não promove anestesia cirúrgica e a imobilidade/contenção farmacológica é imprevisível e de curta duração.

Reptiles possess a renal portal system which can divert part of the blood from the caudal portions of the body to the kidney before it reaches the systemic circulation. In view of this, it has been recommended the administration of injectable medications in the forelimbs, in order to avoid immediate glomerular filtration, which might result in a reduction of the expected effect. The aim of this study was to compare qualitative and quantitative aspects of the pharmacological restraint provided by the combination of ketamine (30mg/kg) and xylazine (1mg/kg), injected into the forelimb or hindlimb, in broad-snouted caiman juveniles (Caiman latirostris). Eight male animals, with a mean weight (±SD) of 1.3 (±0.3) kg, and aged about 2 years old, were anesthetized on two separate occasions with an interval of 7 days. On each occasion, the animals were randomly assigned to receive the anesthetic combination intramuscularly into the forelimb (FL treatment) or hindlimb (HL treatment). The time intervals between administration of treatment and loss of the righting reflex (induction time), between the loss and return of this reflex (duration of important clinical effect), and between the return of the righting reflex and first movements of ambulation (duration of residual effect) were measured as well as heart and respiratory rates and cloacal and environmental temperatures. Sedation/anesthesia scores were evaluated using a scale ranging from 0 (alert/conscious) to 10 (deep anesthesia/overdose). In the HL treatment, loss of righting reflex was not observed in two animals. Considering only those animals whose loss of righting reflex was observed, the induction time (21±9 and 17±5 minutes), the duration of important clinical effect (35±19 and 43±21 minutes), and the duration of residual effect (28±31 and 12±11 minutes) were similar between the FL and HL treatments, respectively (mean±SD). Sedation/anesthesia scores were significantly higher than at baseline from 20 to 50 minutes in both treatments and, at 30 minutes (peak sedative effect), the median score (interquartile range) was 3.5(2.3-4.0) in the FL treatment and 3.0(2.0-4.0) in the HL treatment. Differences between treatments in physiological variables were not observed. In both treatments, withdrawal reflex in response to digital clamping was not absent at any timepoint. The administration of xylazine-ketamine combination in the forelimb or hindlimb of broad-snouted caiman juveniles provides similar effects, suggesting that the influence of the renal portal system is not clinically relevant. At the doses used, such combination does not induce surgical anesthesia and the immobility/pharmacological restraint is unpredictable and of short duration.